The gothic horror genre Essays

The gothic horror genre Essays The gothic horror genre Paper The gothic horror genre Paper Immediately before Jonathan makes the discovery of Draculas resting place, there are some very intense Gothic description that builds up until the incident of horror. Jonathan describes, the stairs were dark at the bottom there was a dark, tunnel-like passage through which came a deathly, sickly odour which gives the reader feelings of tenseness. Gothic descriptions tend to be, deathly, dark and dreary. Draculas eyes were open and stony, but without the glassiness of death the lips were as red as ever I fled from the place. This describes Dracula as dead and alive, the living dead. There is suggestion that Frankensteins Monster is also the living dead. With his watery eyes that seemed almost of the same colour as the dun-white sockets in which they were set, his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips. This describing the living monster sounds as if it describing a dead man. As something major is going to happen tension is often built up via intense description and pathetic fallacy. The wind came now with fiercer and more bitter sweeps. As the weather is worsening so is the situation. Pathetic fallacy is also used often in this way in Frankenstein too. The rain pattered dismally against the pains and my candle was nearly burnt out. The dismal rain sets a dismal atmosphere. The mention of the candle almost burnt out suggests that something dire is about to happen. There is often supernatural description in gothic horror novels. In Dracula Lucy is described as being like a nightmare of Lucy the pointed teeth, the bloodstained, voluptuous mouth the whole carnal and unspiritual appearance, seeming like a devilish mockery of Lucys sweet purity This is typical of the Gothic horror genre. The idea of vampires is super natural and is Gothic in itself. Again, the descriptions become ever more intense, leading up to horror. The horror here is the act of releasing Lucys spirit from the possessed body. As the stake is hammered into the heart The Thing in the coffin writhed The body shook and quivered and twisted in wild contortions while the blood from the pierced heart welled and spurted up around it. This again demonstrates the Gothic tradition and the horror that is connected to it. The blood here symbolises anger, hate and passion. The demon is fighting to stay within the body and so is writhing and twisting in frustration. Lucy is no longer a human being. The men have now realised that her mind and soul no longer exist. She has been reduced to an it. When the monster in Frankenstein is first brought to life Victor sees I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open. The unnatural colour of the eyes suggests that the monster is supernatural. This also brings fear to the reader as he may be seen as dangerous. In Dracula religion is used as a literacy device. Whilst in Transylvania, Jonathan speaks of how the local people offer him gifts, such as a crucifix. This shows the close tie of the Holy cross, linked into their supernatural beliefs. The old woman says that, It is the eve of St. Georges Day [and] when the clock strikes midnight, all the evil things in the world will have full sway This suggests that she is scared for Jonathan. With her fear, she offers him a crucifix, as do travellers later on. Mina Harkers incident is an obvious show of religion used. After Dracula has bitten her, she reaches a period of depression. Mina shows her self-hatred to be a mixture of religion, shock and horror. Mina feels that she is now Unclean, Unclean!.. I am now his worst enemy referring to her husband. She feels that now Dracula has bitten her, she is a Vampire also and that she should be killed. Van Helsing attempts to protect Mina against any further attack. He touches a piece of sacred wafer on her forehead. There was a fearful scream As he had placed the wafer on Minas forehead, it had seared it had burned into the flesh as though it had been a piece of white-hot metal. This suggests that there is evil and super natural presence within Mina and religion is able to harm or even defeat it. Van Helsing acknowledges that Mina may have to bear that mark till God Himself sees fit, as He most surely shall, on the Judgement Day to redress all wrongs when that red scar shall pass away and leave your forehead as pure as the heart we know. This suggests that Minas scar is seen as the mark of evil. There is an indication that When she dies all her evil shall be dismissed she shall be judged by god on her pure self only not Draculas curse. The characters here believe that their faith in God shall save them. Religion seems to be a safety net for the vulnerable and for those who are exposed to danger. It reflects the Gothic feeling to the novel and so contrasts good and evil, which seems to be a significant theme, particularly towards the end of the novel. Religion is not such an important theme used by Mary Shelley, though her characters make exclamations that mention such things as God in times of fear or shock. Frankenstein often refers to his creation as a Devil or a Demon. This is ironic because it was he who created the monster, and it was he who performed the ghastly task of putting it together, so does that not make him the devil and the monster but a pure human. Frankenstein says that his brother, William now sleeps with his angel mother! which is a biblical image. This shows the horror and grief that is felt by Frankenstein and his family as it emphasises Williams purity and innocence. Frankenstein realises that he has, inadvertently caused Williams death. His unnatural and unholy creation has murdered a sweet and innocent child. A significant theme that Shelley uses to a great extent is science. As Frankensteins chosen occupation is within the scientific field, themes arising from this, cover a majority of the novel. Towards the beginning of the novel, Frankenstein is a student. His first mention of a creation, he says that, The raising of ghosts and devils was a promise liberally accorded by my favourite authors showing his observation of the matter. It seems to be Frankensteins study of others and determination that makes his ideas to be horrific. He is a well-educated young man, who feels that he must prove himself, but he does not realise the implications of this. Frankenstein speaks of his ancient philosophers as one would of a God. Punctuation and the language that is used is a very important device. This is shown significantly in Dracula with Jonathans feelings of shock. He says, There lay the count, but looking as if his youth had been half renewed, on the lips were gouts of fresh blood, which trickled from the corners of the mouth and ran over the chin and neck. This is exceptionally long sentence. This suggests Jonathan is making a hurried description because he is breathless, confused and in shock. He only half believes what he has seen. He later exclaims that he is, alone in the castle with those awful women. Faugh! They are devils of the pit! Goodbye, all! Mina! conveying his desperate situation to the reader. Stoker uses exclamation marks in order to portray Jonathans shock, these create a certain abruptness to the text, thus shocking the reader. Commas and semi-colons are used here. These suggest to the reader sharp intakes of breath, hence indicating shock and fear. There is also repetition of the word and this seems to add to the description, therefore the situation feels more intense. Frankenstein seems to be a novel that deals with morals, conventions and the significance of human beings as a whole. Where as Dracula is deals more with humans as individuals. Two very different styles are used in Dracula and Frankenstein. Although both convey what is essentially known as Gothic horror, they are two very different stories and they set out to suggest very different morals through the themes that are used. Despite the fact that each author suggests different morals, they do both touch on the importance and meaning of human life. The novels were both written in a time where people were questioning their place in the world. The two monsters portrayed within the novels perhaps reflect society during that period. I enjoyed both novels especially Dracula due to the unique way the novel had been structured. Both novels shared similar moral messages though Frankenstein was probably more clear than that that of Draculas.

Hacer Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, Examples

Hacer Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, Examples One of the most common verbs in Spanish, hacer, which means to make or to do, is highly irregular. This article demonstrates hacer conjugations in the present, past and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, the imperative, and other verb forms. When conjugating hacer, the a in the stem sometimes changes to e or i, and the c sometimes changes to z or g. The only other verbs that follow the same conjugation pattern are those derived from it, such as contrahacer (to copy or to counterfeit), deshacer (to unmake or undo), and rehacer (to remake or redo). Using the Verb Hacer The verb hacer generally means to do or to make, but it can also be part of other useful expressions. For example, it can mean ago, as in duration of time. Hence, the phrase hace 10 aà ±os means ten years ago, and hace cinco minutos means five minutes ago. The verb hacer is also used to talk about the weather. For example, hace frà ­o means it is cold. You can make the same construction with hace calor, hace viento, hace fresco, etc. (it is hot, windy, cool, etc.). Hacer Present Indicative In the present indicative tense, the only irregular conjugation of hacer is the first person singular (yo). Yo hago I make Yo hago la tarea todos los dà ­as. Tà º haces You make Tà º haces la comida para la familia. Usted/à ©l/ella hace You/he/she makes Ella hace artesanà ­as hermosas. Nosotros hacemos We make Nosotros hacemos ejercicio en el gimnasio. Vosotros hacà ©is You make Vosotros hacà ©is las compras en la tienda. Ustedes/ellos/ellas hacen You/they make Ellos hacen la cama todos los dà ­as. Hacer Preterite Indicative Notice that in the preterite tense, the a in the stem of hacer changes to an i. These are all irregular forms. Yo hice I made Yo hice la tarea todos los dà ­as. Tà º hiciste You made Tà º hiciste la comida para la familia. Usted/à ©l/ella hizo You/he/she made Ella hizo artesanà ­as hermosas. Nosotros hicimos We made Nosotros hicimos ejercicio en el gimnasio. Vosotros hicisteis You made Vosotros hicisteis las compras en la tienda. Ustedes/ellos/ellas hicieron You/they made Ellos hicieron la cama todos los dà ­as. Hacer Imperfect Indicative The imperfect tense is conjugated regularly, using the stem hac plus the imperfect ending for -er verbs (à ­a, à ­as, à ­a, à ­amos, à ­ais, à ­an). Remember that the imperfect can be translated as was making or used to make. Yo hacà ­a I used to make Yo hacà ­a la tarea todos los dà ­as. Tà º hacà ­as You used to make Tà º hacà ­as la comida para la familia. Usted/à ©l/ella hacà ­a You/he/she used to make Ella hacà ­a artesanà ­as hermosas. Nosotros hacà ­amos We used to make Nosotros hacà ­amos ejercicio en el gimnasio. Vosotros hacà ­ais You used to make Vosotros hacà ­ais las compras en la tienda. Ustedes/ellos/ellas hacà ­an You/they used to make Ellos hacà ­an la cama todos los dà ­as. Hacer Future Indicative The verb hacer is irregular in the future tense. Its conjugation starts with the form har-. Yo harà © I will make Yo harà © la tarea todos los dà ­as. Tà º hars Youwill make Tà º harsla comida para la familia. Usted/à ©l/ella har You/he/shewill make Ella har artesanà ­as hermosas. Nosotros haremos Wewill make Nosotros haremos ejercicio en el gimnasio. Vosotros harà ©is Youwill make Vosotros harà ©is las compras en la tienda. Ustedes/ellos/ellas harn You/theywill make Ellos harn la cama todos los dà ­as. Hacer PeriphrasticFuture Indicative The periphrastic future is formed using the present indicative conjugation of the verb ir (to go), the preposition a, and the infinitive hacer. Yo voy a hacer I am going to make Yo voy a hacer la tarea todos los dà ­as. Tà º vasa hacer You aregoing to make Tà º vasa hacer la comida para la familia. Usted/à ©l/ella vaa hacer You/he/shegoing to make Ella vaa hacer artesanà ­as hermosas. Nosotros vamosa hacer We aregoing to make Nosotros vamos a hacer ejercicio en el gimnasio. Vosotros vaisa hacer You aregoing to make Vosotros vaisa hacer las compras en la tienda. Ustedes/ellos/ellas vana hacer You/they aregoing to make Ellos vana hacer la cama todos los dà ­as. Hacer Present Progressive/Gerund Form The equivalent of the English -ing form, gerund or present participle, is the -ando or -iendo form in Spanish. The gerund for hacer is formed regularly, using the ending -iendo. Present Progressive of Hacer est haciendo She is making Ella est haciendo artesanà ­as hermosas. Hacer Past Participle The past participle for hacer is irregular: hecho. One of the main uses of the past participle is to form compound tenses such as the present perfect. Present Perfect of Hacer ha hecho She has made Ella ha hecho artesanà ­as hermosas. Hacer Conditional Indicative The conditional tense is used to talk about possibilities, and is translated to English as would verb. For example,  ¿Quà © harà ­as por tus hijos? (What would you do for your children?). In the conditional indicative, the verb hacer is irregular and uses the stem har-. Yo harà ­a I would make Yo harà ­a la tarea todos los dà ­as si tuviera tiempo. Tà º harà ­as Youwould make Tà º harà ­as la comida para la familia si supieras cocinar. Usted/à ©l/ella harà ­a You/he/shewould make Ella harà ­a artesanà ­as hermosas si pudiera. Nosotros harà ­amos Wewould make Nosotros harà ­amos ejercicio en el gimnasio, pero es muy caro. Vosotros harà ­ais Youwould make Vosotros harà ­ais las compras en la tienda, pero es ms fcil por Internet. Ustedes/ellos/ellas harà ­an You/theywould make Ellos harà ­an la cama todos los dà ­as, pero se les olvida. Hacer Present Subjunctive The present subjunctive is used to talk about doubts, desires, emotions, recommendations, or other subjective situations. Que yo haga That I make La maestra pide que yo haga la tarea todos los dà ­as. Que tà º hagas That you make Tu hijo quiere que tà º hagas la comida para la familia. Que usted/à ©l/ella haga That you/he/she make El vendedor requiere que ella haga artesanà ­as hermosas. Que nosotros hagamos That we make El mà ©dico sugiere que nosotros hagamos ejercicio en el gimnasio. Que vosotros hagis That you make El cocinero sugiere que vosotros hagis las compras en la tienda. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas hagan That you/they make La abuela espera que ellos hagan la cama todos los dà ­as. Hacer Imperfect Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive is used in similar situations as the present subjunctive, but in the past. There are two options for conjugating the imperfect subjunctive. Option 1 Que yo hiciera That I made La maestra pedà ­a que yo hiciera la tarea todos los dà ­as. Que tà º hicieras That you made Tu hijo querà ­a que tà º hicieras la comida para la familia. Que usted/à ©l/ella hiciera That you/he/she made El vendedor requerà ­a que ella hiciera artesanà ­as hermosas. Que nosotros hicià ©ramos That we made El mà ©dico sugirià ³ que nosotros hicià ©ramos ejercicio en el gimnasio. Que vosotros hicierais That you made El cocinero sugirià ³ que vosotros hicierais las compras en la tienda. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas hicieran That you/they made La abuela esperaba que ellos hicieran la cama todos los dà ­as. Option 2 Que yo hiciese That I made La maestra pedà ­a que yo hiciese la tarea todos los dà ­as. Que tà º hicieses That you made Tu hijo querà ­a que tà º hicieses la comida para la familia. Que usted/à ©l/ella hiciese That you/he/she made El vendedor requerà ­a que ella hiciese artesanà ­as hermosas. Que nosotros hicià ©semos That we made El mà ©dico sugirià ³ que nosotros hicià ©semos ejercicio en el gimnasio. Que vosotros hicieseis That you made El cocinero sugirià ³ que vosotros hicieseis las compras en la tienda. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas hiciesen That you/they made La abuela esperaba que ellos hiciesen la cama todos los dà ­as. Hacer Imperative The imperative mood is used to give direct commands. There are both positive and negative commands. Notice that the second person singular command haz is irregular. Positive Commands Tà º haz Make!  ¡Haz la comida para la familia! Usted haga Make!  ¡Haga artesanà ­as hermosas! Nosotros hagamos Let's make!  ¡Hagamos ejercicio en el gimnasio! Vosotros haced Make!  ¡Haced las compras en la tienda! Ustedes hagan Make!  ¡Hagan la cama todos los dà ­as! Negative Commands Tà º no hagas Don't make!  ¡No hagas la comida para la familia! Usted no haga Don't make!  ¡No haga artesanà ­as hermosas! Nosotros no hagamos Let's not make!  ¡No hagamos ejercicio en el gimnasio! Vosotros no hagis Don't make!  ¡No hagis las compras en la tienda! Ustedes no hagan Don't make!  ¡No hagan la cama todos los dà ­as!